Causes of Mandibular Cancer
When a patient is diagnosed with cancer, it is common to wonder why. However, there is not always a clear answer to this question. Currently, there is no definitive cause of mandibular cancer. It’s a combination of genetics and environmental factors. However, listed below are a few known risk factors for developing mandibular cancer.
- Tobacco
This is by far the most common risk factor for mandibular cancer. The use of cigarettes, cigars, pipes, or chewing tobacco substantially increases the chance of developing mandibular cancer. - Alcohol
Excessive alcohol consumption shows a strong association with the onset of oral squamous cell cancers. Moreover, smoking and drinking heavily more than doubles this cancer risk. - Betel nut
The seed of the areca tree is often chewed by people from Southeast Asia and is known to cause mandibular cancer.
Other Factors Associated with Developing Mandibular Cancer
- Marijuana use
- Poor dental hygiene
- Viruses
- Poor nutrition
- Genetic factors
Signs & Symptoms
Unlike other cancers of the head and neck, mandibular cancers can typically be seen or felt as an abnormality by a patient, dentist, or doctor. Symptoms to watch for include:
- Painful sores or ulcers in the mouth.
Most commonly, mandibular cancer starts as a painful sore or ulcer in the mouth that doesn’t heal after a few weeks. - A patch in the mouth.
Patches in the mouth are most commonly either red (erythroplakia) or white (leukoplakia). Red patches are more likely to be cancer than white patches; however, any patch in the mouth that is persistent for several weeks should be biopsied by a specialist. - Recurrent bleeding from the mouth.
Growths in the mouth that are cancer tend to bleed easily when accidentally scraped while brushing teeth or eating certain foods. - Bad breath.
As cancers grow larger, dead cells within the tumor (necrotic cancer) lead to a bad smell from the mouth (halitosis).
In some cases, the first sign of mandibular cancer could be a lump in the neck. This means that the tumor has spread to lymph nodes in the neck. However, in mandibular cancers, the primary cancer in the mouth is usually noticed before it reaches these lymph nodes.
Additional Symptoms
- Loose teeth or dentures that don’t fit correctly.
This occurs if the tumor invades the tooth sockets or the bones in which the teeth are rooted. - Difficulty opening the mouth (trismus).
This can happen if the cancer gets into any of the muscles that help to open and close the mouth. - Numbness (i.e. in the lower teeth or lower lip/chin area).
This means that the cancer cells have invaded the nerves that control the ability to feel. - Pain or difficulty with swallowing.
This can happen when tumors become large and get in the way of eating or involve the muscles and nerves of swallowing. - Difficulty speaking (dysarthria).
This can occur when a tumor changes the way the tongue moves.
It is important to note that a patient could have one or more of these symptoms and not have mandibular cancer. There are several non-cancerous causes of the same symptoms. That’s why it’s especially important to seek medical advice from a specialist.
